Welcome Page      Contact Joanne       Columbus Day - October 12th - 1492       Columbus Day according to The World Book Encyclopedia:   "Columbus Day honors Christopher Columbus' first voyage to America in 1492. Columbus Day became a legal federal holiday in the United States in 1971. It is celebrated on the second Monday in October. Before 1971, a number of states celebrated Columbus Day on October 12. Cities and organizations sponsor parades and banquets on Columbus Day. The first Columbus Day celebration was held in 1792, when New York City celebrated the 300th anniversary of the landing. In 1892, President Benjamin Harrison called upon the people of the United States to celebrate Columbus Day on the 400th anniversary of the event. Columbus Day has been celebrated annually since 1920. Although the land Columbus reached was not named after him, many monuments honor him. The Republic of Colombia in South America and the District of Columbia in the United States bear his name. So do towns, rivers, streets, and public buildings. The name Columbia has also been used as a poetic personification of the United States . The Columbus Memorial Library in Washington, D.C., contains about 350,000 volumes on the American republics."  ~Above Excerpted from The World Book Encyclopedia~  Columbus, Christopher ~ 1451-1506 Columbus according to Biography.com Italian mariner and navigator; widely believed to be the first European to sail across the Atlantic Ocean and successfully land on the American continent. Born Cristoforo Colombo, between August and October 1451, in Genoa, Italy. Columbus was the eldest son of Domenico Colombo, a wool-worker and small-scale merchant, and his wife, Susanna Fontanarossa; he had two younger brothers, Bartholomew and Diego. He received little formal education and was a largely self-taught man, later learning to read Latin and write Castilian.                        Map of Columbus's First Voyage Columbus began working at sea early on, and made his first considerable voyage, to the Aegean island of Chios, in 1475. A year later, he survived a shipwreck off Cape St. Vincent and swam ashore, after which he moved to Lisbon, Portugal, where his brother Bartholomew was living. Both brothers worked as chartmakers, but Columbus already nurtured dreams of making his fortune at sea. In 1477, he sailed to England and Ireland, and possibly Iceland, with the Portuguese marine, and he also bought sugar in Madeira for a Genoese firm. In 1479, Columbus married Felipa Perestello e Moniz, from an impoverished noble Portuguese family. Their son, Diego, was born in 1480. Felipa died in 1485, and Columbus later began a relationship with Beatriz Enríquez de Harana of Cordoba, with whom he had a second son, Ferdinand. (Columbus and Beatriz never married, but he provided for her in his will and legitimized Ferdinand, in accordance with Castilian law. By the mid-1480s, Columbus had become focused on his plans of discovery, chief among them the desire to discover a westward route to Asia. In 1484, he had asked King John II of Portugal to back his voyage west, but had been refused. The next year, he went to Spain with his young son, Diego, to seek the aid of Queen Isabella of Castile and her husband, King Ferdinand of Aragon. Though the Spanish monarchs at first rejected Columbus, they gave him a small annuity to live on, and he remained hopeful of convincing them. In January of 1492, after being twice rebuffed, Columbus obtained the support of Ferdinand and Isabella. The favorable response came directly after the fall of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, which led Spanish Christians to believe they were close to eliminating the spread of Islam in southern Europe and beyond. Christian missionary zeal, as well as the desire to increase Spanish prominence in Europe over that of Portugal and the desire for gold and conquest, were the primary driving forces behind Columbus’ historic voyage. On August 3, 1492, the fleet of three ships—the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María—set forth from Palos, on the Tinto River in southern Spain. After spending nearly a month in the Canary Islands, off the mainland of northwest Africa, the ships continued west, following the parallel of Gomera. According to records of the voyage, weather remained fair throughout. The first sighting of land came at dawn on October 12. (Though Columbus claimed that he himself, on the Niña, was the first to see land, later evidence showed that the sighting was made from the Pinta.) The place of the first Caribbean landfall was most likely modern San Salvador, or Watling Island, in the Bahamas. Map of "The New World," from Münster's edition of Ptolemy, 1540 Thinking he had reached the East Indies, Columbus referred to the native inhabitants of the island as “Indians,” a term that was ultimately applied to all indigenous peoples of the New World. The three ships sailed among other Bahama islands and landed at Cuba, which Columbus convinced himself was the mainland of great Cathay (China). There was little gold there, and his exploration continued by sea to Ayti (Haiti) on December 6, which Columbus renamed La Isla Española, or Hispaniola. He seems to have thought Hispaniola was Cipango (Japan); in any case, the land was rich with gold and other natural resources, and allowed Columbus to return to Spain in the spring of 1493 with riches enough to convince his sovereigns of his success. After a difficult journey back to Europe, Columbus paid a visit to King John II of Portugal, which prompted suspicion that he had collaborated with Spain’s enemy. He subsequently appeared before Isabella and Ferdinand in Barcelona, displaying gold, exotic birds, herbs and spices, and even human captives that he had brought from the New World. The sovereigns were easily persuaded to fund a second voyage—this time, at least 17 ships and 1,300 men set sail from Cádiz on September 25, 1493. En route to Hispaniola and Navidad, the settlement he had founded there, Columbus and his fleet entered the West Indies near Dominica (which he named) and proceeded past Guadeloupe and other Lesser Antilles before reaching Borinquén (modern Puerto Rico). Upon reaching Navidad, Columbus found the settlement destroyed and the Spanish settlers dead, victims of strong native resistance against their colonial tactics. After building more fortified settlements, including one named La Isabela, in honor of the queen, Columbus declared himself governor of Hispaniola, intending it to become a trading post for European settlers to conduct business with the rich Oriental empires he expected to find. After searching the Cuban coastline and Jamaica for gold, Columbus had decided that Hispaniola was the richest source of gold and other spoils. In February 1494, 12 ships returned to Spain from La Isabela, commanded by Columbus’ associate, Antonio de Torres. Two more of his subordinates, Alonso de Ojeda and Pedro Margarit, led a campaign of violence against the native inhabitants of Hispaniola, in revenge for the murder of their comrades at Navidad. They killed and captured many natives, taking them as slaves, seemingly with the full knowledge and approval of Columbus. Throughout the next two years, the Spaniards continued their resolute conquest and colonization of Hispaniola. On March 10, 1496, Columbus set sail for Spain, leaving his two brothers, Bartholomew and Diego, in charge of Hispaniola. When he reached Cádiz, he found Spain at war with France and his benefactors even more eager to acquire gold and other riches from the New World. In command of six ships, three with explorers and three with provisions for settlement on Hispaniola, Columbus set sail for a third westward crossing on May 30, 1498. The first land sighting was at Trinidad, which Columbus named in honor of the Holy Trinity. When the expedition arrived back at Hispaniola, he found it in disarray, with a revolt mounting against his brothers led by the alcalde (mayor) of La Isabela, Francisco Roldán. The chiefs of the indigenous tribes in Hispaniola, as well as a number of Spaniards, were incensed by Bartholomew Columbus’ reorganization of the gold production process, which favored certain Spaniards over others and exploited the native labor force. As Columbus tried to restore order, sometimes resorting to hangings, Roldán and his fellow opposition leaders sent so many letters of complaint against Columbus and his brothers back to Castile that the rulers sent the Spanish chief justice, Francisco de Bobadilla, to Hispaniola. Bobadilla took Columbus and his brothers into his custody and sent all three men back to Spain in shackles. Ferdinand and Isabella later ordered Columbus’ release, and he appeared before them at Granada in December 1500. The monarchs allowed that Columbus was a superior mariner and navigator, but questioned his abilities to govern. Another man was appointed governor of Hispaniola, and Columbus was given support and permission to begin a fourth expedition. As he prepared for the voyage, which would be his last, Columbus revealed in his writings an even stronger mystical vision of himself as the bearer of Christianity into worlds unknown, a vision that had contrasted sharply with the realities of conquest and colonization in Hispaniola. He set sail from Cádiz on May 9, 1502, with four ships, arriving at Santo Domingo on Hispaniola on June 29. Continuing on down past Jamaica, the southern shore of Cuba, Honduras, and the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua, Columbus showed navigation skill in a voyage as difficult as his first crossing of the Atlantic. He was searching for the strait to India, but obviously did not find it, and was eventually forced to turn back. En route to Hispaniola, however, his ships were unable to make the distance and had to be beached on the coast of Jamaica in June of 1503. Columbus and his crew spent a year in Jamaica before returning to Spain on a ship sent from Hispaniola on November 7, 1504. Upon arriving there, Columbus learned that Queen Isabella, long his most sympathetic supporter, was on her deathbed. She died on November 26, 1504. By the end of his final voyage, Columbus’ health had deteriorated; he was suffering from arthritis as well as the aftereffects of a bout with malaria. With a small portion of the gold brought from Hispaniola, Columbus was able to live relatively comfortably in Seville for the last year of his life. He was emotionally diminished, however, and felt that the Spanish monarchs had failed to live up to their side of the agreement and provide him with New World property and gold, especially after Isabella’s death. Columbus followed the court of King Ferdinand from Segovia to Salamanca to Vallodid seeking redress, but was rejected. He died in Vallodid on May 20, 1506. His remains were later moved to the Cathedral of Santo Domingo in Hispaniola, where they were laid with those of his son Diego. They were returned to Spain in 1899 and interred in Seville Cathedral. The debate over Columbus’ character and legacy has continued into the twenty-first century, revived in 1992 with the celebration of the quincentenary of his first voyage to the New World. Though the United States celebrates a national holiday in his honor (on the Monday closest to October 12, the date of the first landfall in 1492), much more attention has been paid in recent years to the Spanish explorers’ treatment of the Native American peoples, and the word “discovery” has been replaced by “encounter” when used to describe Columbus’ achievements in regard to the Americas. Columbus went to his grave believing he had reached the shores of Cathay, and that he was a divine missionary, ordained by God to spread Christianity into the New World. In modern society, many have made Columbus out to be a villain and a symbol for all that is exploitative and predatory about the colonization of the Americas by Europe. The true Columbus, it is certain, lies somewhere in the middle. © 2000 A&E Television Networks. All rights reserved.

Columbus Day by There's No Place Like Home for the Holidays History of Christopher Columbus Celebrate Columbus Day in October Columbus Day - A really good page! Columbus Day Links Exhibit at the Library of Congress Web site Columbus Day Funology HolidayThemes.Com has one for  Columbus Day  Biography.com has a page about: Columbus   Columbus, Christopher Columbus Day! from The Wilstar Holiday Page Surfing the Net with Kids - Christopher Columbus Columbus Day Word Search Puzzle from The Wilstar Holiday Page Columbus's Navigation            History Links Page Christopher Columbus Theme Page Lycos - Columbus Day Section - has lots of links to check out Columbus Day Crafts Letter from Columbus to the King and Queen Columbus Monuments Page Columbus Journeys from Crayola John's Word Search Puzzles - Kid - Columbus Day

Have a Happy Columbus Day! Joanne ~ Joanne L. Gardiner, Broker, Realtor, e-PRO "For Old-Fashioned Service in Cyberspace" Advantage Realty 3205 Whipple Road - Union City, California 94587 (510) 429-4800 San Francisco Bay Area - San Francisco East Bay Real Estate website: http://www.joannegardiner.com    Our primary services in the San Francisco Bay Area are: East bay real estate,  Hayward real estate, Castro Valley real estate,  Danville real estate,  Dublin real estate,  Fremont real estate,  Newark real estate, Niles real estate, Pleasanton real estate, San Leandro real estate, San Lorenzo real estate, San Ramon real estate, Sunol real estate and Union City real estate.  The types of real estate in which we specialize are:  houses, homes, condominiums, townhomes, garden homes, PUDs, single family homes, manufactured homes, mobile homes, modular homes, duets, residential income property, duplexes, tri-plexes, four-plexes, small apartment complexes and special use properties. Alameda County Homes, Homes in Alameda County, Contra Costa County Homes, Homes in Contra Costa County, Castro Valley Homes, Homes in Castro Valley, Danville Homes, Homes in Danville, Dublin Homes, Fremont Homes, Homes in Fremont, Homes in Dublin, Homes in Hayward, Hayward homes, Newark Homes, Homes in Newark, Oakland Homes, Homes in Oakland, Pleasanton Homes, Homes in Pleasanton, San Leandro Homes, Homes in San Leandro, San Lorenzo Homes, Homes in San Lorenzo, San Ramon Homes, Homes in San Ramon, Sunol Homes, Homes in Sunol, Union City Homes, Homes in Union City. San Francisco Realty, San Francisco Bay Realty, San Francisco Bay Area Realty, Realty in San Francisco Bay Area, East Bay Realty, Bay Area Realty, homes in San Francisco bay area, homes in San Francisco East Bay.

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